Evidence synthesis

Reviewing geological surveys and peer-reviewed summaries for converging evidence.

• Ocean-floor maps show symmetrical magnetic striping on both sides of mid-ocean ridges, recording repeated geomagnetic reversals as new crust forms.
• Browsing usgs.gov for “seafloor spreading measurements.”
• GPS stations measure plates moving by millimetres to centimetres each year, matching directions inferred from faults and ridge geometry.
• Earthquake and volcano belts trace plate boundaries, including deepening seismic zones beneath convergent margins.
• Matching fossils and rock formations across now-separated continents support earlier continental connection.
• Independent evidence from heat flow, ocean-crust age, and satellite geodesy points to the same moving-plate model.